{"id":528,"date":"2018-11-12T08:47:15","date_gmt":"2018-11-12T08:47:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/?p=528"},"modified":"2018-11-12T08:47:15","modified_gmt":"2018-11-12T08:47:15","slug":"tezhib-malzemeleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/?p=528","title":{"rendered":"TEZH\u0130B MALZEMELER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tezhipte Kullan\u0131lan Malzeme ve Teknik Bilgi<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong>
\nYazma eser sanatlar\u0131n\u0131n hemen hemen hepsinde oldu\u011fu gibi tezhip sanat\u0131nda da
\nkullan\u0131lan malzemeler \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Uzun bir tecr\u00fcbe ve bilgi sahibi olmay\u0131
\ngerektirmektedir. Tezhip sanat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmakta olan malzemeler s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u015fu
\n\u015fekildedir; Yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, k\u00f6m\u00fcr tozu veya kalem, alt\u0131n, m\u00fchre, boya,
\nmurakka ve f\u0131r\u00e7ad\u0131r (\u00d6zke\u00e7eci, 2014, s.199-204).<\/p>\n

Yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t<\/strong>
\nYar\u0131 saydam ve kaygan \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip olan bu k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde eskiz k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131,
\npar\u015f\u00f6men k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 veya ayd\u0131nger olarak da isimlendirilmektedirler. Bu tarz k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar
\ntezhip sanat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sanat\u00e7\u0131 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da
\naktaraca\u011f\u0131 deseni \u00f6nce paftalara ay\u0131rarak yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip bu k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlara
\n\u00e7izmektedir.<\/p>\n

K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t<\/strong>
\nAna kimyasal\u0131 sel\u00fcloz lifi olan birle\u015fimlerden meydana gelen k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n ilk ana
\nyap\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 yaban ar\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yaban ar\u0131lar\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7 dallar\u0131ndan t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fckleri
\nyard\u0131m\u0131yla sel\u00fcloz \u00fcretmektedirler. Sel\u00fcloz do\u011fada yer alan b\u00fct\u00fcn bitkilerde
\nbulunmaktad\u0131r (Adan\u0131r, 2012, s.3-5). Bilinen en erken tarihli k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n bulu\u015fuyla ilgili
\nbilgiler net olmamakla birlikte \u00e7o\u011fu uzmanlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri do\u011frultusunda M.\u00d6 II.
\ny\u00fczy\u0131lda Bat\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019in Tsai Lun yerle\u015fkesinde icat edildi\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130lerleyen
\nzamanlarda ise M\u0131s\u0131r b\u00f6lgesinde papir\u00fcs ve \u00d6n Asya\u2019da ise par\u015f\u00f6men k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131n
\nke\u015ffedilmesi bu alanda devrim niteli\u011finde etki olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur ki; par\u015f\u00f6menin
\nbulunmas\u0131 bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n olu\u015fumuna giden yolun ilk a\u015famas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ge\u00e7en
\ny\u0131llar ile birlikte geli\u015fen k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fcretimi \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7e\u015fitlilik
\nkazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yazma eserler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellik asitsiz k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na
\ndikkat edilmesi olmu\u015ftur (G\u00fcven, Kaplano\u011flu ve Yang\u00f6z, 2012, s.48-51). \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc
\n\u00f6zellikle tezhip a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmas\u0131, alt\u0131n\u0131n daha iyi parlamas\u0131
\ni\u00e7in k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n asitsiz olmas\u0131 gereklidir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda boyan\u0131p terbiyeleme i\u015flemi
\nyap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. K\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar terbiye edilmeden \u00f6nce bitkisel malzemeler ile dald\u0131rma ya
\nda s\u00fcrme y\u00f6ntemlerinden bir ile boyan\u0131r. Daha sonra ask\u0131lanarak veya serilerek
\nkurutulur. Kurutulmu\u015f olan k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar aharlan\u0131r. Ahar i\u015flemi ni\u015fasta, yumurta ak\u0131, Arap
\nzamk\u0131, kitre gibi baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik maddelerle yap\u0131labilmektedir. Genellikle ni\u015fasta ve
\nyumurta ak\u0131 tercih edilmektedir. \u0130lk \u00f6nce ni\u015fasta muhallebisi ince bir tabaka halinde
\nk\u00e2\u011f\u0131t y\u00fczeyine s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr sonra biraz kuruduktan sonra m\u00fchrelenir. Bu m\u00fchreleme
\ni\u015flemi bittikten sonra yumurta ak\u0131 ahar\u0131 ile aharlan\u0131r. Bu aharlama i\u015flemi ince
\ntabakalar halinde kuruduk\u00e7a birka\u00e7 defe tekrarlan\u0131r. Sonra beklemeye al\u0131n\u0131r. Ahar
\nzaman i\u00e7inde daha iyi k\u0131vama geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in en az bir y\u0131l bekletildikten sonra \u00fczerine
\ni\u015flem uygulanmaktad\u0131r (\u00d6zke\u00e7eci, 2014, s.200).<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr tozu<\/strong>
\nYar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00fczerine olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olan desenlerin aharlanm\u0131\u015f k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlara
\naktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan, tercihen s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct veya me\u015fe a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda
\nelde edilen k\u00f6m\u00fcrlerin toz \u015fekline getirilmesidir. Silkme y\u00f6ntemi kullan\u0131larak k\u00f6m\u00fcr
\ntozuyla desen k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da ge\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n

Alt\u0131n<\/strong>
\nTezhip a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan alt\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00d6zellikle yerli olmas\u0131na ve varaklardan ezilip
\ns\u00fcr\u00fclmesine dikkat edilmelidir. Alt\u0131n varak olarak tabir edilmekte olan malzeme
\nalt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7eki\u00e7 yard\u0131m\u0131yla d\u00f6v\u00fclmesi sonucunda incecik bir plaka haline getirilmesi
\ni\u015flemidir. Bu i\u015flem sonucunda elde edilen alt\u0131n varak bir taba\u011fa al\u0131n\u0131r i\u00e7erisine Arap
\nzamk\u0131 ve s\u00fczme bal kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir s\u0131v\u0131dan bir damla ak\u0131t\u0131larak parmak yard\u0131m\u0131yla
\nk\u0131vama gelinceye denk ezilmektedir. Ezme i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ilk \u00f6nce donuk bir \u00e7amur
\nrenginde olan alt\u0131n iyice ezildi\u011finde temiz alt\u0131n rengini al\u0131r ve taba\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7ine saf temiz
\nsu doldurulur bu \u015fekilde en az 3 saat bekletildikten sonra alt\u0131n taba\u011f\u0131n dibine
\n\u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yava\u015f\u00e7a su bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r ve sonras\u0131nda f\u0131r\u00e7alar yard\u0131m\u0131 ile gerekli \u015fekilde
\nkullan\u0131lmaya haz\u0131rd\u0131r. Yer yer alt\u0131nlar\u0131n parlat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in zer m\u00fchre denilmekte olan
\nsaplar\u0131 ah\u015fap u\u00e7lar\u0131 akik ta\u015f\u0131 olan aletler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Ersoy, 1988, s.13).<\/p>\n

M\u00fchre<\/strong>
\nBoyal\u0131 ve terbiye edilmi\u015f k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131n sert bir zemin \u00fczerinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 hareketler
\nyaparak y\u00fczeylerini p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fczle\u015ftirerek daha parlak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in
\nyap\u0131lmakta olan cam, akik ta\u015f\u0131 \u00e7akmak ta\u015f\u0131 gibi vb. kaygan ta\u015flar kullan\u0131larak
\nyap\u0131lan i\u015flemdir (\u00d6zke\u00e7ici, 2014, s.201).<\/p>\n

Boya<\/strong>
\nTezhipte ilk zamanlar alt\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda k\u00f6k ve topraklardan elde edilen boyalar Arap
\nzamk\u0131 ile ezilerek kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise ilerleyen teknoloji
\ndo\u011frultusunda toprak boyalardan ziyade guva\u015f boyalar tercih edilmektedir
\n(\u00d6zke\u00e7eci, 2014, s.204).<\/p>\n

Murakka<\/strong>
\nGeleneksel sanatlarda birka\u00e7 tane kraft ya da kaba k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n \u00fcst \u00fcste aharlanarak
\nyap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda elde edilmekte olan \u00e7ok dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir mukavva yap\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r
\n(\u00d6zke\u00e7eci, 2014, s.204).<\/p>\n

F\u0131r\u00e7a<\/strong>
\nTezhip a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan usta bir sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n eli kadar kullan\u0131lmakta olan f\u0131r\u00e7alarda \u00f6nem arz
\netmektedir. \u00d6zellikle ilk zamanlarda tezhip sanat\u0131nda 4-5 ayl\u0131k yavru kedilerin g\u0131d\u0131
\nt\u00fcylerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f f\u0131r\u00e7alar tercih edilmekteyken g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde daha \u00e7ok k\u0131sa u\u00e7lu
\nsamur tahrir f\u0131r\u00e7alar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (\u00d6zke\u00e7eci, 2014, s.204).<\/p>\n

KAYNAK: Nurhan B\u00f6y\u00fcky\u0131lmaz, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, s.62-64\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tezhipte Kullan\u0131lan Malzeme ve Teknik Bilgi Yazma eser sanatlar\u0131n\u0131n hemen hemen hepsinde oldu\u011fu gibi tezhip sanat\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lan malzemeler \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Uzun bir tecr\u00fcbe ve bilgi sahibi olmay\u0131 gerektirmektedir. Tezhip sanat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmakta olan malzemeler s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u015fu \u015fekildedir; Yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, k\u00f6m\u00fcr tozu veya kalem, alt\u0131n, m\u00fchre, boya, murakka ve f\u0131r\u00e7ad\u0131r (\u00d6zke\u00e7eci, 2014, s.199-204). Yar\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":161,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,9,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-528","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-manset","category-tezhib-sanati","category-terim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/528","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=528"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/528\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":529,"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/528\/revisions\/529"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/161"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=528"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=528"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tezhib.tasavvuf.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=528"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}